PrehistoryEarliest data display the fact that position associated with that small town associated with Tournoux seemed to be a new strategically important one, while using minor skill level presenting food along with sprinkling conveniences to armies crossing this Col de Larche from current Italy plus the Col de Vars. There will be proof of Roman occupation in the plateau.Of afterwards times minor survives, but at this time there would be the microbes of any seventh centuries fortified church while in the valley. Between the seventh century as well as the 17th century, the higher Ubaye Valley altered palms somewhere between states with regards to seventeen instances usually because either that Col de Larche and also the Col de Vars grew to be snowless first, and whichever facet ended up being nearest been able that will walk around as you move other sat waiting for that snowfall in order to melt.In this 1700, the particular valley lastly grew to become portion of France an d also the primary suitable fortifications were built. Three redoubts, which this Redoubt de Berwick still is always (albeit around changed form), were created because pet shelters pertaining to garrisons connected with soldiers. At this time, the employment of cannons seemed to be fairly confined and also like preventing when there was might have already been hand-to-hand or musket-fire only, with the reputation from the military staying the actual major deterrent to help invasion more than this cols. Layout Caserne, Fort Moyenne plus Fort SupriereThe Fort de Tournoux can be constructed more-or-less constantly way up along side it of the mountain coming from 1,300metres (4,300ft) altitude for you to 2,000metres (6,600ft) in a number levels. The least expensive levels is a barracks (Caserne Pellegrin) at 1300m next to your most important road on the Cols (Larche and also Vars) towards village of la Condamine plus the neighborhoods connected with Jausiers as well as Barcelonn ette. A power from this level, designed concerning 1846 in addition to 1862, is called Batterie XII. Linking these with all the Fort Moyen ("middle fort", often called Fort Grouchy) is usually a road, created to allow mules to be able to ascend by using carts so in a utmost gradient involving 10% together with widespread hairpin turns. The hairpins had been constructed so that the particular mules could park your car their double-ended carts plus run-around in order to pull the cart within the contrary route upward the following stretch, as a result keeping away from the demand in order to finish the particular hairpin bends, which in turn often caused carts to topple more than plus pour their contents.The Caserne Pellegrin and also the Fort Moyen can also be joined by means of a large staircase together with about a thousand steps that is built within the rock, using glass windows cutting open onto the rench part in the fort as well as battery power (notably your B-douze B1 2) struggling with the actual passes. The windows given easy plus air along with were being also utilized for that removal with spoil with the tunnels.Finally there exists a cableway that granted outlets to be maintained towards the Fort Moyen that is put in following on from the fort ended up being electrified inside 1908.From the Fort Moyen is usually a serpentine highway that hugs the actual mountainside as much as your Fort Suprieur. Above this there exists yet another subway passage of which links more in place nonetheless on the Batterie du Clos des Caurres. Above this nevertheless is the Observatoire plus Batterie de Serre de lut for the leading on the mountain.There can be a included roadway of which inbound links your Fort Moyen with the village connected with Tournoux, delivering an additional methods of obtain and quit this specific approach is very heavily protected with loopholes and also gun emplacements.The Fort Suprieur and the Batterie du Clos des Caurres us ually are protected by way of a scarp/counterscarp divider program and by means of slipping drawbridges, which distance themself into your guardhouse about rollers when made to help traffic. These are simple enough that they are powered by means of two people who have hardly any effort, even after 50+ a long time connected with zero maintenance.The complete price involving the fort were envisaged at concerning 1.5 trillion francs (in the income on the time) but the final expense appeared to be around 3.5 million, leading to a large ditch within the government funds with the time. ArmamentThe main fort around 1940 comprised rather bit of in how connected with armament: three 81mm mortars were being situated with Fort Moyen, heating towards the east, while a couple 81mm mortars, also firing towards east, and also two 95mm guns firing on the northeast across the valley, were found in Batterie XII for the amount of the actual barracks. An anti-aircraft electric battery has been situated Fort Suprieur. Four 155mm weapons were located in Tournoux itself, 2.4kilometres (1.5mi) for the northeast. A undertaking to look for three 145mm guns from a casemate in Fort Grouchy firing into the Col de Larche was proposed with 1929, but not really pursued. Another project, for you to attire Batterie XII along with a number of 155mm markers had been started within 1931 as well as concluded in 1934, however the armament had been under no circumstances installed. Batterie du Clos des CauresThe Batterie du Clos des Caurres 442814.51 064455.51 / 44.4706972N 6.7487528E / 44.4706972; 6.7487528 is definitely perhaps larger than Fort Suprieur, at 1,780metres (5,800ft) in addition to contains the key armament belonging to the complex. Built concerning 1879 and also 1881, the actual Sr de Rivires program fort ended up being organized to attach half a dozen de Bange 155mm guns. The subterranean gallery linking in order to Fort Suprieur was accomplished concerning 1880 and a lso 1883. The serious forget surrounding the placement was finished throughout 1890, as well as through after that right up until 1897 a divider ended up being created hooking up to Fort Suprieur. The position had been manned by 656 men underneath 7 officers. Prior to help World War I, initiatives ended up made to produce cement handle through important areas,which weren't concluded with 1914. A casemate for two 75mm guns appeared to be made to cover the particular flank of the Vallon Claus battery, as well as fort was re-armed along with actions 95mm weapons and three 120 mm guns. Other options give an armament regarding a number of 75mm guns, four 155mm markers and a few 81mm mortars. Fort de Serre de l'AutThe compact Fort de Serre de l'Aut 442810.49 064424.51 / 44.4695806N 6.7401417E / 44.4695806; 6.7401417 has been designed 1890-1893 since a strong outpost on the advantage of an cliff 1.1kilometres (0.68mi) towards west with the main complex at 2,945metres (9,660ft). It will be linked towards most important Fort Tournoux difficult by means of some sort of military road. Armament contains three 95mm guns Batterie du Vallon ClausThe Batterie du Vallon Claus 443043 064343.32 / 44.51194N 6.7287E / 44.51194; 6.7287 is usually situated 5.2kilometres (3.2mi) towards the north belonging to the main complex. Built 1880-85, this battery pack is really a walled mountaintop housing using a compilation of observation discussions giving out on the west. It was equipped with two to help six 75mm guns. The garrison composed seventy five men, housed in a barracks nearby, attached on the main fort by using a subterranean ammo magazine. The power supply dealt with your entrance towards the Maurin valley as well as tiny area of Plate Lombard. The a number of observation discussions will be generally known as your Lignes des Abrupts. At an altitude numerous from 2,130metres (7,000ft) to 2,273metres (7,460ft), the actual posts tend to be simple, close to rectang ular homes without any permanent armament. Stages inside constructionBegun throughout 1843, this Fort Moyenne and also Fort Suprieur were designed with a 20 year or so period. The construction regarding Fort Moyenne spanned 1846-1862, plus Fort Suprieure 1852-1860. The B12 as well as subway stairway were being likewise designed at this particular time. The intent on the fort was to lock the particular entry to the actual Ubaye valley from the Cols, and also the fort was thus situated allowing masking spice from your bronze cannons heating circular shot that had been installed there. With numerous 3-400m, all these cannons could cover your tracks (well, tracks) arriving along through the Col de Vars and also the Col de Larche, at the same time because the upper Ubaye valley. Looking from the B12, one can notice precisely what a superb prospective client from the valleys this afforded. Cannons were likewise installed at electric batteries about the northern edge from the Fort Moyenne as well as Fort Suprieur.The major building materials had been encountered natural stone Ubaye marble, used regarding load-bearing structures and also for decoration plus the nearby stone, hewed from your huge batch itself, made use of like a uncertain construction fabric coupled along with lime mortar.The fort appeared to be developed in addition to designed by the actual French Army executive regiment the actual Genie by using some assist from neighborhood labourers the majority of with whom did wonders while blacksmiths, carpenters as well as stonemasons this seemed to be far more money-making to be able to these individuals in comparison with functioning the fields. The area overall economy additionally benefited with the reputation from the forts and that army, both during building and also afterwards, your towns regarding la Condamine and Gleizolles in particular.By 1860, benefits in artillery, particularly the replacement belonging to the bronze cannon using s teel, rifled guns heating pointed, exploding, shells bought the opportunity with regard to appropriate shoot through considerably longer ranges. Typical guns at that time may possibly make locates 8-9 km away. The decision was built to develop further power packs above this Fort Suprieur that Batterie des Caurres as well as the Batterie de Serre de lut. These afforded your far better heating line pertaining to engaging spots sooner within their solution in the cols and with the Observatoire de Serre de lut on the best from the huge batch intended how the fort managed to help protected the valley in a very efficient manner.In your 1880s additionally enhancements inside artillery demanded supplemental upgrades, causing the batteries of Vyraisse, Mallemort, Cuguret and also the nearby Fort Roche-la-Croix, that afterwards turned your basis on the Maginot Ouvrage Roche-la-Croix.By the finish of the particular First World War breakthroughs in military technological innovation mean t that the defences belonging to the fort were being improved upon with concrete plus the usage of the fort altered somewhat.In the particular 1920s plus 30s, a number of Maginot Line forts were built, on often aspect from the Col de Larche from Roche-la-Croix (south side) along with St-Ours (north side). As described below, these kind of have been joined by simply telegraph into the Fort de Tournoux. ComplementThe fort recognized a new match of nine hundred representatives and men, who ended up barracked within the Caserne Pellegrin at this base on the fort and in the Fort Moyenne. Looking in the Fort Moyenne with the pictures, the actual left-hand setting up has been for your soldiers and NCO, the right-hand creating with the officers. The houses ended up supplied using piped standard water from a ource captee on the top of the actual mountain, which fed large tanks in the Fort Suprieur as well as Fort Moyenne. Electricity came to the fort within 1908. Communications were at first by way of form of semaphore from mountain-top for you to mountain-top, nevertheless finally some sort of cable-telegraph was put in linking all the mountain-forts in the area, Fort de Tournoux appearing the main due to this network.At the back of the principal barrack homes tend to be wide, covered walkways (the buildings acquired staircases although not any internal corridors) with access to each space by using the paths along with landings on the back again of each one building. The protected thoroughfare appeared to be meant to supply herbal venting into the structures for you to prevent rainy a very prosperous design feature. Above the particular structures will be several training courses as well as magazines. The mags are usually interesting general health are usually constructed since complexes within buildings, for you to overcome stormy in addition to raise the stream connected with air across the munitions. The surfaces are nailed by using bronze nails, to help minimise sparks.Above the entry roadway along with the soldiers barrack block tend to be arched fabrications (looking rather like tall, tiny bridges) that come with this rock face. These were being made to find rubble released by simply freeze-thaw erosion of the are a blast skin above. Some of those gone down rocks were collected in addition to utilised even more design belonging to the fort. ActionThe fort found action during that Second World War. It appeared to be attacked by simply Mussolini fascist causes around the day that will Hitler accessed Paris fighting ensued to get 3 days, although was slice limited because of the tumble with France. Later inside war, around October 1944 that fort was occupied with the German affiliate marketer as Free French forces accomplished up the Ubaye area from other attack around southern France. As the particular French obtained closer, the actual Germans ruined water and electrical energy stocks and also looted high of that fit tings on the fort for fire wood etc. They in that case busy that Maginot forts in the area and holed-up with the winter. The French Army put in the very chilly wintertime involving 1944-45 inside the Fort de Tournoux, in advance of finally attacking the actual Germans in addition to extracting them in the Maginot ouvrages inside April 1945. DecommissioningThe French Army occupied that fort till 1947, causing just the particular B12 for being made use of as a possible fists store for any Regiment within Barcelonnette. This seemed to be at some point decommissioned with 1989.Later history From 1947 right up until 1991, the fort has been normally eventually left for the vandals and graffiti artists. The fort appeared to be left which consists of Domaine Militaire signs to be able to study absent possibilities explorers, and that Fort Suprieur seemed to be properly guarded by means of its rooms in addition to barbed wire. Thus the particular forts remained inside a fairly good p oint out of repair (although offered to this elements) till purchase from the navy through the local government. PreservationSince 1991, a nearby specialist includes done a number of redevelopment work with the particular fort, with fresh roofs within the primary obstructs in the Fort Moyenne plus some shoring-up do the job inside tunnels on the Fort Suprieur. The gates towards fort are now locked and also covered and outstanding advised tourdates undoubtedly are a standard incident inside summer. The Batterie des Caurres currently provides a strong as long as date use when a relay pertaining to TV along with mobile phone alerts to be able to the area area. The Observatoire is still employed pertaining to an analogous purpose; quite possibly because of the navy (this is not clear with the moment). References^ some sort of b "Fort de Tournoux (04)" (in French). Chemins de mmoire. /page/affichelieu.php?idLang=en&idLieu=1381. Retrieved 23 February 2010.^ a new b c d e Mary, Jea n-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques (2009) (in French). Hommes et Ouvrages de los angeles Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Histoire & Collections. p.38. ISBN 978-2-35250-127-5.^ Puelinckx, Jean; Aublet, Jean-Louis & Mainguin, Sylvie (2010). "Caurres (batterie du Clos des de)" (in French). Index de la fortification franaise 1874-1914. fortiff.be. /maginot/index.php?p=2140. Retrieved 23 February 2010.^ Puelinckx, Jean; Aublet, Jean-Louis & Mainguin, Sylvie (2010). "Serre de l'Aut (fortin du)" (in French). Index de la fortification franaise 1874-1914. fortiff.be. /maginot/index.php?p=2159. Retrieved 24 February 2010.^ Puelinckx, Jean; Aublet, Jean-Louis & Mainguin, Sylvie (2010). "Vallon Claus (batterie du)" (in French). Index de los angeles fortification franaise 1874-1914. fortiff.be. /maginot/index.php?p=2166. Retrieved 24 February 2010.^ Puelinckx, Jean; Aublet, Jean-Louis & Mainguin, Sylvie (2010). "Abrupts (postes de los angeles ligne des)" (in French). Index de los angeles fo rtification franaise 1874-1914. fortiff.be. /maginot/index.php?p=2134. Retrieved twenty-four February 2010. External linksFort de Tournoux with Chemins de Mmoire (French)Tournoux (place de) from fortiff.be with a lot of sub-pages (French) Categories: Buildings and fabrications throughout Alpes-de-Haute-Provence | Forts with France | Sr de Rivires system
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